NIOS COURSE DESCRIPTION

COURSE DESCRIPTION

MODULE 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Time: 13 Hrs Marks: 04

Lesson 1: Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetics (Time allocation: 13 Hrs)

􀁺 Importance and scope of chemistry

􀁺 Historical approach to particulate nature of matter.

􀁺 A simple idea of basic SI units

􀁺 Laws of chemical combination

􀁺 Dalton’s atomic theory: Concept of elements, atoms and molecules

􀁺 Mole Concept

􀁺 Counting and weighing of atoms and molecules

􀁺 Avogadro constant

􀁺 Molar quantities

􀁺 Atomic and molecular masses.

􀁺 Chemical formula and percentage composition

􀁺 Empirical and molecular formulae

􀁺 Mole, mass, volume relationship in chemical reactions

􀁺 Stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

􀁺 Limiting reagent concept and percentage yield

MODULE 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING Time: 30 Hrs Marks:10

Lesson 2 Atomic Structure (Time allocation: 12 Hrs)

􀁺 Fundamental particles of an atom: electron, proton and neutron

􀁺 Rutherford’s nuclear model

􀁺 Atomic number and mass number

􀁺 Isotopes and isobars

􀁺 Line spectrum of H atom

􀁺 Bohr model (no derivation)

􀁺 Wave particle duality and de Broglie relationship

􀁺 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

􀁺 The wave mechanical model – orbitals

􀁺 Quantum numbers

􀁺 Types of orbitals (s, p, d,f): Shapes of s, p and d orbitals

􀁺 Aufbau principle – electron configuration of atoms

􀁺 Pauli’s exclusion principle

􀁺 Hund’s rule

􀁺 Stability of completely filled and half- filled orbitals

Lesson 3: Periodic Table and Periodicity in Properties (Time allocation: 6 Hrs)

􀁺 Early attempts at classification of elements

􀁺 Long form of periodic table.

􀁺 IUPAC Nomenclature of elements with atomic numbers>100

􀁺 Variation in atomic properties (size: atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valency and electronegativity)

Lesson 4: Chemical Bonding (Time allocation: 12 Hrs)

􀁺 Why do atoms combine? (potential energy diagram)

􀁺 Types of bonds and their characteristics (ionic and covalent, hydrogen bonding), Born Haber Cycle.

􀁺 Bond parameters- bond order, bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy

􀁺 Bond polarity, dipole moment, covalent character of ionic bond.

􀁺 Resonance.

􀁺 Shapes of molecules: VSEPR theory (upto 6 electron pairs only)

􀁺 Valence Bond Theory(VBT)

􀁺 Hybridization of atomic orbitals

􀁺 Multiple bonds (s and p bonds)

􀁺 M.O. Theory: Homonuclear diatomic molecules(H2,O2, F2,C2 )

MODULE 3: STATES OF MATTER (Time : 28 Hrs) Marks: 08

Lesson 5 Gaseous and Liquid States (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 The three states of matter

􀁺 Intermolecular interaction and its types

􀁺 General behaviour of gases: the gas laws

􀁺 Ideal gas equation

􀁺 Dalton’s law of partial pressure

􀁺 Kinetic molecular theory of gases (no derivation)

􀁺 Kinetic energy and Urms

􀁺 Graham’s law of diffusion

􀁺 Real gases – deviation from ideal gas behaviour

􀁺 Vander Waals’ equation

􀁺 Liquefaction of gases

􀁺 Critical constants

􀁺 Properties of Liquids

􀁺 Vapour pressure

􀁺 Surface tension

􀁺 Viscosity (Only qualitative idea, no mathematical derivation)

􀁺 Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes

Lesson 6: The Solid State (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Nature of solid state

􀁺 Classification of solids: amorphous and crystalline

􀁺 Classification of crystalline solids

􀁺 Two-dimensional lattice and unit cells

􀁺 Packing in crystals

􀁺 Unit Cells and their types

􀁺 Packing efficiency: Packing Efficiency of Body Centred Cubic Lattice, Packing Efficiency of ccp and hcp Lattices

􀁺 Calculation of density of unit cell

􀁺 Structure of simple ionic compounds

􀁺 Electrical and magnetic properties of solids

􀁺 Band theory of metals ,conductors, semiconductors(n-and p-type semiconductors)

􀁺 Imperfection in solids (Frenkel and Schottky defects)

Lesson 7: Solutions (Time allocation: 5 Hrs)

􀁺 Components of a solution

􀁺 Concentration of solution: different modes of expression

􀁺 Types of solutions

􀁺 Solubility of gases in liquids

􀁺 Raoult’s law

􀁺 Ideal and non-ideal solutions

􀁺 Colligative properties of solutions

􀁺 Abnormal molecular mass: van’t Hoff factor

Lesson 8: Colloids (Time allocation: 5 Hrs)

􀁺 The colloidal solution

􀁺 True solution, colloidal solution and suspension

􀁺 Classification of colloids

􀁺 Preparation and properties of colloidal solutions

􀁺 Coagulation: Hardy Schultz Rule

􀁺 Application of colloids

􀁺 Emulsions and Gels

􀁺 Elementary idea of Nano materials

MODULE 4: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS (Time : 23 Hrs) Marks: 06

Lesson 9 Chemical Thermodynamics (Time allocation: 13 Hrs)

􀁺 System and surroundings

􀁺 Types of system

􀁺 Types of processes

􀁺 Properties of a system

􀁺 Standard state of a substance

􀁺 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

􀁺 Thermochemical equations

􀁺 First law of thermodynamics

􀁺 Concepts of internal energy and enthalpy change.

􀁺 Heat and work

􀁺 Standard enthalpy of reactions

􀁺 Enthalpy changes during physical (fusion, vaporization, sublimation, and solution) and chemical processes (atomization, ionization)

􀁺 Hess’s law and its application

􀁺 Bond enthalpy.

Lesson 10: Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes

􀁺 Concept of entropy, entropy change and spontaneity

􀁺 2nd law of thermodynamics

􀁺 Gibbs energy change and spontaneity of a chemical reaction

􀁺 Gibb’s energy change and equilibrium constant

􀁺 3rd law of thermodynamics and absolute entropy

MODULE 5: CHEMICAL DYNAMICS (Time : 36 Hrs) Marks: 12

Lesson 11 Chemical Equilibrium (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Static and dynamic equilibrium

􀁺 Reversible and irreversible reactions

􀁺 Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes

􀁺 Equilibrium in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems

􀁺 Law of mass action and equilibrium constants

􀁺 Relationship between Kc and Kp

􀁺 Characteristics of equilibrium constants

􀁺 Factors affecting equilibrium state: Le Chatelier’s principle

Lesson 12: Ionic Equilibrium (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 General concepts of acids and bases

􀁺 Ionization constants of weak acids and bases

􀁺 Strong and weak electrolytes, Ionization of Weak Electrolytes.

􀁺 Ionization of water

􀁺 Concept of pH

􀁺 Salt hydrolysis

􀁺 Buffer solutions

􀁺 Henderson’s equation

􀁺 Solubility product(Ksp) and its applications

􀁺 Common ion effect

Lesson 13: Electrochemistry (Time allocation: 7 Hrs)

􀁺 Oxidation and reduction (electron transfer concept)

􀁺 Oxidation number

􀁺 Balancing of redox reaction by oxidation number and ion electron methods

􀁺 Electrochemical cells

􀁺 Electrolytic conduction (conductance, conductivity, molar conductivity, effect of dilution,

Kohlrausch law)

􀁺 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis, Products of Electrolysis

􀁺 Dry cells, electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard

electrode potential,

􀁺 Electrochemical series and its application

􀁺 Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells

􀁺 Relationship between E.M.F. and Gibbs free energy change

􀁺 Batteries and fuel cells

􀁺 corrosion

Lesson 14: Chemical Kinetics (Time allocation: 6 Hrs)

􀁺 Rate of reaction: average and instantaneous

􀁺 Factors affecting rate of reaction

􀁺 Rate law and specific rate constant

􀁺 Order and molecularity of a reaction

􀁺 Zero order reaction, integrated rate equation for a zero-order reaction.

􀁺 First order reaction

􀁺 Half life period

􀁺 Effect of temperature on reaction rate

􀁺 Collision theory

Lesson 15: Adsorption and Catalysis (Time allocation: 5 Hrs)

􀁺 Adsorption-Physical and Chemical

􀁺 Adsorption Isotherms (Freundlich and Langmuir)

􀁺 Catalysis-Homogenous and Heterogeneous

􀁺 Activation energy

MODULE 6: CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS (Time : 60 Hrs) Marks: 18

Lesson 16: Occurrence And Extraction of Metals (Time allocation: 6 Hrs)

􀁺 Occurrence of metals

􀁺 Important ores of some common elements : Na, Al, Sn, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ag and Zn

􀁺 Mineral Wealth of India

􀁺 Principles of extraction of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron from their ores.

Lesson 17: Hydrogen and s-Block Elements (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 History and Occurrence of Hydrogen

􀁺 Position of Hydrogen in periodic table

􀁺 Isotopes of Hydrogen

􀁺 Hydrides

􀁺 Uses of Hydrogen

􀁺 Hydrogen Economy (Hydrogen as a fuel)

􀁺 Water; structure and aggregation of water; Heavy water.

􀁺 Hydrogen Peroxide

􀁺 Group I Alkali metals

􀁺 Electronic configuration trends in atomic and physical properties

􀁺 Some general characteristics of group I elements,

􀁺 Occurrence and uses of the alkali metals,

􀁺 Diagonal Relationship between Lithium and Magnesium,

􀁺 Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium

chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate

􀁺 Biological importance of sodium and potassium

􀁺 Reactivity, electrode potential, Reaction with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and water; Solubility and thermal stability of their oxo salts.

Lesson 18: General Characteristics of the p-block Elements (Time allocation: 6 Hrs)

􀁺 General Introduction to P- Block Elements

􀁺 Occurrence in nature and electronic configuration

􀁺 Physical and chemical properties

􀁺 Inert pair effect

􀁺 Anomalous properties of first element

Lesson 19: p-block elements and their Compounds-I (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 General Introduction to p-block Elements

􀁺 p-block elements of group 13 and 14.

􀁺 Boron family-borax, boric acid, boron hydrides, halides.

􀁺 Carbon family-allotropes (graphite, diamond, elementary idea of fulleren)

􀁺 Oxides, carbides, halides

􀁺 Nitrogen family-Ammonia, Nitric acid, fertilizers( N & P)

􀁺 Fixation of nitrogen: industrial and biological

􀁺 Nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers

Lesson 20: p-Block Elements and their Compounds-II (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Oxygen family-oxides, acidic, basic and amphoteric, Ozone (Oxidizing Properties)

􀁺 Halogens- Hydrides, oxides and oxoacids of chlorine.

􀁺 Bleaching powder-preparation and properties,

􀁺 Interhalogen compounds.

􀁺 Noble gases-compounds of xenon: xenon fluorides, oxides (preparation, structure)

Lesson 21: d-block and f-block Elements (Time allocation: 12 Hrs)

􀁺 Electronic configuration

􀁺 General trends in the Chemistry of first row transition elements

􀁺 Properties-metallic character, oxidation state, ionic radii, catalytic properties, coloured ions,

complex formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.

􀁺 Preparation, properties and applications of some important compounds: KMnO4, K2Cr2O7

􀁺 f-Block elements- electronic configuration, properties and lanthanide contraction

􀁺 Occurrence

􀁺 Lanthanoids :oxidation states

􀁺 Actinoids : electronic configuration oxidation states and comparison with lanthanides

Lesson 22: Coordination Compounds (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Werner’s theory

􀁺 Nomenclature

􀁺 Bonding-V.B. Approach

􀁺 CFT (Colour and magnetic properties)

􀁺 Structural and stereoisomerism

􀁺 Importance of coordination compounds

MODULE 7: CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Time : 60 Hrs) Marks: 18

Lesson 23: Nomenclature and General Principles (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 Rules of IUPAC Nomenclature

􀁺 Types of bond fission

􀁺 Types of reactions: substitution, addition, elimination, oxidation/reduction (electrophilic and nucleophillic)

􀁺 Electron displacement in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation, and steric effect

􀁺 Isomerism–structural and stereoisomerism isomerism

􀁺 Assigning absolute configuration (R-S and D-L) to a chiral centre

􀁺 Qualitative analysis of organic Compounds

􀁺 Quantitative analysis of organic Compounds

Lesson 24: Hydrocarbons (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 Definition and types of hydrocarbons (Alkane,

􀁺 Alkene, Alkyne, Arene)

􀁺 IUPAC Nomenclature

􀁺 Preparation and properties of hydrocarbons

􀁺 Physical properties of hydrocarbons

􀁺 Chemical properties of hydrocarbons (addition,substitution, elimination, oxidation)

􀁺 Conformation (ethane only)

􀁺 Stability of carbocations

􀁺 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

Lesson 25: Compounds of Carbon Containing Halogens (Haloalkanes and Haloarenes)

(Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 IUPAC Nomenclature of halogen compounds

􀁺 Preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes

􀁺 Physical and chemical properties and uses

Lesson 26: Alcohol, Phenols and Ethers (Time allocation: 7 Hrs)

􀁺 Classification

􀁺 IUPAC Nomenclature

􀁺 Methods of preparation

􀁺 Physical and Chemical properties

Lesson 27: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids. (Time allocation: 9 Hrs)

􀁺 Carboxylic Acids and acid derivatives

􀁺 IUPAC Nomenclature

􀁺 Preparation and Properties

􀁺 Interconversion of acid derivatives

Lesson 28: Compounds of Carbon Containing Nitrogen (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Nitro compounds - amines

􀁺 Classification of amines

􀁺 IUPAC nomenclature

􀁺 Preparation and properties

Lesson 29: Biomolecules (Time allocation: 8 Hrs)

􀁺 Difference between DNA and RNA

􀁺 Biomolecules in biological systems.

􀁺 Structures of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

􀁺 Vitamins and enzymes

􀁺 Hormones (classification & functions)

MODULE 8: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (Time : 20 Hrs) Marks: 04

Lesson 30: Drugs and Medicines (Time allocation: 4 Hrs)

􀁺 Distinction between drugs and medicines

􀁺 Classification

􀁺 Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines

􀁺 Elementary idea of antioxidants, Chemicals in foods – Preservatives and Artificial sweetening agents, Artificial Sweetening agents,

Lesson 31: Soaps, Detergents and Polymers (Time allocation: 10 Hrs)

􀁺 Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents

􀁺 Cleansing action of soap and detergents.

􀁺 Classification of Polymers - Natural and synthetic

􀁺 Methods of Polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.

􀁺 Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon 66, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.

􀁺 Biopolymers - Biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers.

Lesson 32: Environmental Chemistry (Time allocation: 6 Hrs)

􀁺 Environmental concerns

􀁺 Pollutants

􀁺 Air Pollution

􀁺 Air pollutants

􀁺 Photochemical Smog

􀁺 Acid Rain

􀁺 Green house effect

􀁺 Global warming

􀁺 Depletion of ozone layer

􀁺 Control of Air Pollution

􀁺 Water Pollution

􀁺 Water pollutants

􀁺 Biological oxygen demand

􀁺 Prevention of water pollution

􀁺 Soil Pollution

􀁺 Green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution,

􀁺 Achievement of Green chemistry

􀁺 Strategies to control environmental pollutions